Analytical and Empirical Method

How to conduct trial-and-error valuation? 5 Advantages5 Disadvantages6 Empirical Method (Usability Testing)7 What is Usability Testing? 7 How to conduct a usability test? 7 Advantages of Usability Testing8 Disadvantages of Usability Testing9 Conclusion10 childbed 211 Introduction11 Description of the job11 Description of the difficulties11 Conclusion14 References15 Task 1 Introduction There ar 4 ways for the most part to evaluate drug drug drug user port wine.Heuristic Evaluation ( heuristic program aloney) by clean looking at the interface and passing judgement according to ones own view. cognitive Walkthrough (analytical method) by some analysis procedure, Plura be givenic Walkthroughs (empirically) by experiments with trial users, Feature, Consistency & Standards Inspection (automatically),by a programmed procedure. For this assignment I have choose the usability test for empirical method where else for analytical method I have choose heuristic method. 1 Analytic al Method (Heuristic usability) What is heuristic? Heuristic evaluation is a brush off usability engineering method for quick, cheap, and easy evaluation of a user interface design. 3 In heuristic evaluation the usability issues covered be effectiveness and efficiency exclusively do non considered the satisfaction. Quantitative Data is non collected. this method also fuck be conducted remotely also can be used on some(prenominal) system. Several evaluators independently evaluate the interface & come up with potential usability tasks. It is important that there be several of these evaluators and that the evaluations be through with(p) independently.Nielsens experience indicates that around 5 evaluators usually results in slightly 75% of the overall usability problems being discovered. Heuristic Usability Principals Here I am going to explain more(prenominal) than and have a closer look at what condition atomic number 18 needed to evaluate interfaces. Basically the e valuation is easier than design. The principles argon the basic points that stimulate design and drive evaluation as headspring. The principals are 1. Visibility of system status The activity should always keep user on track and well known on which section of the application they are.This can avoid confusion and user can get the information easily without consuming more time. 2. as authoritative among system and the realistic world. The relationship between ii things, in most cases the mapping from digital world to real world. Metaphors and analogies 3. drug user control and immunity User should be informed what the system is doing and is the user on the right track, does it work the way it is suppose to work. This can prevent the user to do their action correctly on path without having to redo all again. The application also should support undo and redo.The system should confirm with the user before take any action on the application, so user can egest immediately from new actions that risk them. 4. Consistency and standards An application should have a standard plan convention like the symmetry of the interface. Is it symmetrical? (Left-Right, Top-Bottom, Center). This includes also the wording to access the application example for sailplaning bar. The Home aloneton should be same for all pages. It should not been changed to other type of looks (symbol or font) at other page when user access to it. 5.Error prevention The text message for defect prevention should catch a message to user while they are currently on the application and risky to faulty. User can understand what the error message is about and prevent the faulty happen before they proceed to the beside shade. 6. Recognition rather than recall Using symbols that make user feel ease to recognize, return and think what is the use of the scarcelyton. The colour contrast also effect attention and commission where the user has been explored on the application. It also is to make us er more focus and remember what they did.User also strength convey the color for pink its a girl and blue its a boy. This would not affect user memory load. 7. Flexibility and efficiency of use This refers to the perceived and actual properties of the thing that determine merely how the thing could be used for new user that neer been using that application. The appearance of the thing tells them how to use it. If the system is understandable, neither dear nor inexperienced can easily use the application. 8. Aesthetic and minimalist design The application should display the important and description for the point it is focusing on.The application should not display unnecessary information which will only cause the information traffic on the application. A special consideration for standards graphics and design are enough to make user comfortable when using the application. 9. Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors The error text must not be too long or too shor t. It should be simple and precisely organized to make sure the user understand the faulty they have done and they can correct the error based on the solution given in the error message. 10. Help and documentationThere might be possibilities that user dont need any help and documentation while or after using an application, but there is the chances for user to document the information and get the help if there are lost. This should be considered to assure user get fully access and satisfied after exit the application. The application must make the user easy to rise up the information they are looking for focusing on their task and help should provide the step they should pursue. How to conduct heuristic evaluation? Heuristic evaluation by Nielson is a method used by researchers to find usability problems in interfaces designed for use by public.The heuristic evaluation process starts from questions a small number of users, called evaluators, to complete a set of pre-programmed tas ks usually colligate with using the interface. As summary essentially the evaluation will be * Obtain the service of 4, 5 or 6 usability experts, questions a set of pre-programmed tasks usually related with using the interface. * Each expert will perform an independent evaluation, answer question related to interface * Give experts a heuristics inspection guide, is followed from Nielsens ten usability principles (Nielsen, Jakob 1994). Collect the individual evaluations, which are answered in subsequent iterative sketch of the interface for better simplicity of use and significant knowledge.* Bring the experts together and do a group heuristic evaluation. (Optional) Advantages Quick and relatively inexpensive feedback to designers can be provided by this method. Response can be obtained early in the design process. Conveying the correct heuristic can help suggest the best corrective measures to designers. * Cheaper comparative to other assessment method. * Spontaneous and simple t o encourage potential evaluators to use the method * No advance planning required Formal usability training is not required for evaluators. Professional computer programmers and computer science students are used in Nielsen and Molich * heap be used early in the growth process * Quicker revolve time than laboratory scrutiny Disadvantages Applying heuristics effectively need a tidy knowledge and learning. Usability experts sometime hard to find and can be pricey. Multiple evaluators are recommended and results must be aggregated. Minor issues and hardly a(prenominal)er major issues can be detected through these evaluations. * Evaluators maybe just have the understanding of usability design principles, but not for usability experts.Usability experts would recognize more issues than non-experts, experts are the people who have the skill with the type of interface being evaluated, they can identified the most issues was according to Nielson. * The results from multiple evaluators must be aggregated. This is because the evaluator only can detect few issues, but if the issues combined the more precise result outcome they can gain. * Heuristic evaluations only identify lesser usability issues compare to and other discount methods may not identify as many usability issues as other usability engineering methods, for example, usability testing. Complex interfaces may not scale well for heuristic reviews. Evaluators may not find the major or serious problem the interface had if the interfaces are complex. * All the issues identified may not willingly suggest solutions for the usability issues * The evaluators are just pretend to be the user but they are not the real user. * The entire problem identified may not be the actual problem in real interface. Empirical Method (Usability Testing) What is Usability Testing? We need to use usability testing method to realise tasks professionally, efficiently and pleasingly for the user benefit.It is better to produce a pre-p rogramme application to ensure so that any important issues can identify. Usability testing can be done at any stages of the design process. Usability testing is not an alternative for a human centred design process and appropriate techniques such as walkthroughs also can be use. Test host or the user who is going to represent for usability testing session should attend. The attendance should be at least one observer one developer and one business representative. Observers should purely be in a separate observation room.Density of the system, the number of intended users, and budgetary constraints should be considered when doing the session. Even one test session is better than none, but if its more it will tend to discover the majority of important issues. There are two major factor should be considered when conducting a usability testing. The first is to ensure that the best possible method for testing is used. The second major consideration is to ensure that an iterative approac h is used. How to conduct a usability testing? To prepare for a usability test we must identify delegate tasks.Ideally, these should derive from scenarios or use cases developed earlier in the design process. Have a clear translation of when a task is complete. We also must prepare a test schedule, book the required room, and identify representative users and invite them to attend. We will need the adjacent materials A formal script so that all participants are treated in the same way. A pre-evaluation questionnaire to check that your participants match the required profile. A list of tasks, together with criteria for measuring whether they have been successfully completed. Logging sheets to record timing, events, participant actions, concerns and comments. The guidelines should be followed Run a pilot test. Ensure that participants have the choice to abandon any tasks which they are unable to complete. Do not prompt participants unless it is clearly necessary to do so. Re cord events in as much detail as possible to the level of keystrokes and mouse clicks if necessary. If there are observers, ensure that they do not interrupt in any way. Observers formally prior to test. Be sensitive to the fact that developers may be upset by what they observe or what you report.Advantages of Usability Testing The advantages of usability testing are 5 * Reply direct from the board audience to postal service the project group * Private conversation can be done by testing the issue to see how users response to the different options being discussed * bother and possible difficulties are stated clearly before the product is launched. The business advantages of usability testing can be seen at the end of the project * Probability of enjoyment and frequent usage increase * Risk of the product fault is reduce * Users are able to get what they expect, which makes business meeting its targets achievable.Benefits of using usability testing are 6 * Reduce maintenance co sts, increase user fulfilment, and save on development effort cost. * Relevance feedback helps to increase the quality experience. * Measures activities, not preference. Users like to insist what they want, but by observing and measuring behaviour, we can understand what the best for their postulate and support is. * Get a competitive benefit. User with no experience can give negative impact to a website. A systematic website is expected by users, especially when the competitors of websites developer are a lot now. Focus to the major needs and the aim of the application. Disadvantages of Usability Testing Usability testing provides many benefits, but there are the disadvantages in using this methodology, which should be noted. Firstly, testing is not 100% representative of the real life scenario. Also, usability testing is mainly qualitative, so does not provide the large samples of response that a questionnaire may, but the response can be far more precise and understandable. It r equires a certain level of knowledge and experience to apply the heuristics effectively. Trained usability experts are sometimes hard to find and can be expensive.Multiple evaluators are recommended and results must be aggregated. The evaluation may identify more minor issues and fewer major issues. 9 Conclusion Two common usability evaluation methods, heuristic evaluation and usability testing were analayse. Results found that heuristic evaluation performed by HCI experts revealed more general problems, while usability testing is a way to see how easy to use something is by testing it with real users. To provide the most effective and thorough usability evaluation results, a combination of usability evaluation techniques from both expert and system user perspectives is recommended. Task 2Introduction For task 2, I am going to evaluate a website from a bank which is OCBC bank. Description of the problem 1. The first problem i notice when I start to evaluate the website was the layou t. the layout is merely merge to left side of the webpage. 2. The navigation bar size. It is too small. 3. The application do not provide search place for user to search information. 4. I didnt notice the login function,no opinion where to login. The homepage there is no official login space. 5. No language selection option. 6. No register new user and login specific space at main page. 7. No sitemap to track location in application page. . The process option button and link appearance are not interesting and recognizable. 9. in one case the user click any options from main page to proceed the next step,the application open new window. Description of the difficulties 1. User need to focus on the left side of the webpage whereelse it should be in the center for user to feel more comfortable when viewing webpage. The view is not standard as normal webpage. 2. The navigation bar font is too small and situated at the upper right corner of the webpage. It is not standard. These two dif frent navigation bar makes user confuse to choose which function to move in the application.Furthermore,when user click to login page,another window open and it does not have a standard navigation bar as the previous page. User will feel confuse,with diffrent thing appears. 3. The login function is not standard. There are several option to login to application. It suppose to have a official login space then allows user to choose the service they want to involve. the login space looks like advertistment and not noticable. 4. Language. User sibylline can select the language they are prefereable for. But this application dont allow user to choose the language they understand.If the user dont understand,how they want to use the application. There is just the selection list of country only but not for language. 5. The application does not provide sitemap to track location of user that use the application at current time. Sitemap used to make user easy to navigate along the pages gone th rough. user can eesayly get back to the pages prevoiously without wasting time to find pages that they want. 6. The hyperlink should be as buttons or symbol button to make user easy to recognize and remember the direction to use the application for the next visit. . Once the user click any options from main page to proceed the next step,the application open new window.User cannot go back to the previous page because nobackfunction at the web page neither at the browser. If user want go back,user must exit the new window and remedy the main page again. If user did some errors user need to repeat all the steps again. Heuristic and explanation 1. The small and not standard navigation bar is link to consistency and standards. * It suppose to gathered and user should select from a line of navigation bar. when user click to login page,another window open and it does not have a standard navigation bar as the previous page. * User feels a diffrent environment,diffrent situation word. 2. Th e no option for language is match between system and real world. * The system should speaks user language,word or phrase which familliar with the user. This will make user more comfortable and understand what they are doing. 3. Layout of the web which go to left side is a aesthetic and minimalist design. * User should not wonder the blank space of the webpage. It should be used to put any related information. 4.No sitemap for user location is equal with flexibility and efficiency of use. * Sitemap can help the inexperience user to go back to previous page they were to make sure they are on the correct path to do their job. 5. Error prevention which dont have back button,is link with user control and freedom. * This sytem dont allow users to go back. It do no support undo and redo. * User need to navigate away from the page directly and go back to main page and access again the application. 6. Uninteresting link and button to continue using the application is a recognition rather tha n recall heuristic. The links navigation dont give the user idea when they first see the webpage. User need to read the links and then click to continue. * The link should suppose to be icons so that whenever the user come for next visit,they will recognize the buttons and save their memory load and time. Summary A heuristic evaluation is a usability inspection helps to identify usability problems in the user interface (UI) design, As I find in the OCBC Bank website, it specifically involves me examine the interface and judge its compliance with recognized usability principles (the heuristics).I independently examine a user interface and judge its compliance with a set of usability principles. The result of this analysis is a list of potential usability issues or problems. The usability principles, also referred to as usability heuristics, are taken from published lists. Ideally, each potential usability problem is assigned to one or more heuristics to help facilitate fixing the pr oblem. As more evaluators are involved, more true problems are found.But as from my view, I can list out only these usability problems and I also have stated the reasons and why it is a problem to me and also what is lacking at the webpage.

Obedience to Authority

Title of the Research The title of this explore is Obedience of soldiers to authority depicted in Saving Private Ryan raw by max Allan Collins 1. 2 Field and Object of the study The field of study in this absorbk is literature while the object of this inquiry is figment entitle Saving Private Ryan by gook Allan Collins. This query focuses on how chosen soldiers who got order to proceed Ryan respond and adjust the superior authority.Also, this research will apply sociological psychology of esteem criticism theory and use psychological approach. 1. Background of the study Obedience in the community idler not be separated from the culture. Obedience to masters formed by human could still be considered by example parameters of each individual, as well as devotion to the decrees and values of religion in public life, moral constraints and considerations gravel us able to determine obedience become unstable, it is different with its laws which firm, obedience to the rule of law muckle not be contested by any.In military, obedience to the authority of superior is the highest oath for marcher soldier. According to lieutenant colonel Kenneth H. Winker in his paper on Air University, all Ameri merchant ship military personnel down made a promise to obey in the form of the hinderance oath or the commissioning oath. (Winker, 1981). E precise order, with emerge exception, still in the environment of military and governmental, mustiness be obeyed without asking, hesitating, or do refusing.One will be punished or at least not rewarded if he does not obey. While this may be consecutive and may sometimes provide sufficient resolve (on teleological grounds) for complying with orders or regulations, nonetheless, it provides grounds only for compliance (not obedience) and only in those instances where the disobedience will be noted. We atomic number 18 more interested in an obedience based on the authority of the superior than in a compliance due to the superiors ability to give rewards and punishments.We are interested in a moral obligation to obey eventide when no rewards or punishments are involved and when disobedience will not even be noted. (CB. Brian M. Barry, Political Argument. 1965 84) One subject for sure, obedience to the authority of superior would be rewarded although in the military, the difference of performance would not always be rewarded, and, the refusing to the authority of superior will got rank dropped even loss the trust, for breaking the oath, therefore, obedience is perfect, could not be belowmined by mere refusal.As the investigator takes obedience in military, the object for this research is a novel entitled Saving Private Ryan by Max Allan Collins based on screenplay by Robert expand, also filmed in Hollywood by well- known director, Steven Spielberg who make many a(prenominal) succeed movies, much(prenominal) as Jurassic intimately eight soldier being a squad who got order from the supreme hea d, president Abraham capital of Nebraska to save a mere soldier detectd crowd together Ryan. This order comes up when three other brothers of Ryan killed in battlefield as his family Just has them as children for their parents in reality his family is only Ryan and his begin.He must be returned to his family whatever way, even it could sacrifices other soldiers. Psychology for the chosen savior soldiers is analyse, how they respond to this authority. 1. 4 Research Question Based from the primer coat of the research, the research questions that will lead the research are 1 . How do the chosen soldiers respond a simple order for saving the fourth James Ryan in Saving Private Ryan by Max Allan Collins? 2. What are the effect of obeying the authority for saving Ryan in Saving Private Ryan by Max Allan Collins? 1. Research Purpose The purposes of this research is to answer the research question and to give conclusion about the research based on the title of the research, bring f orward explanation for the purpose of the research would lead reader to understand the problem case of the research, they are 1. To pay off out the psychological respond of the chosen soldier to the authority for saving Ryan in Saving Private Ryan. 2. To find out how the effects of the obedience of soldiers to superior authority in the story. 1. Research Limitation The research limitation make the researcher focus on the purpose of the research.Limitation contains characteristics of methodology that modeld the application of the results that raise the establishment of internal and external validity of the entropy. In this research, researcher will focus on social psychology, and most of them would set forth in agency and obedience theory by Stanley Amalgam while other would described about psychology in common, psychology of soldier in military this research, the researcher will analyze Saving Private Ryan novel by Max Allan Collins focus on the obedience of the soldiers in the story.In this section will be explained about the theory used and also other data that support the research. 2. 1 Psychology in General Psychology directed toward the will or toward the mind specifically in its conceive function (Merriam Webster Dictionary), Conation itself refers to the intentional and ad hominem motivation of look (e. G. , the proactive direction, energize, and persistence of fashion. (Hut, 1999). Psychology comes from Greek words, psyche which meaner the soul and logos meaner the study of a subject, so that the psychology is the study of human behavior (Aimed, 2009 72).Psychology has traditionally identified and studied three components of mind cognition, affect, and conation (Hut, 1996 Talon, 1997). Cognition refers to the process of coming to know information. It is generally associated with the question of what (e. G. , what happened, what is going on now, what is the meaning of that information. ) yarn-dye refers to the emotional interpretation of percep tions, information, or knowledge. It is generally associated with ones attachment (positive or negative) to people, objects, ideas, etc. D asks the question How do I feel about this knowledge or information? Conation refers to the connection of knowledge and affect to behavior and is associated with the issue of why. It is the personal, intentional, playful, deliberate, goal-oriented, or striving component of motivation, the proactive (as opposed to reactive or habitual) aspect of behavior (Bandmaster, Barbarously, Maureen Dice, 1998 Moons, 1986). It is closely associated with the concept of volition, defined as the use of will, or the freedom to make choices about what to do (Kane, 1985 Michel, 1996).It is absolutely critical if an individual is to successfully shoot in self-direction and self-regulation. 2. 2 Psychology in Literature Psychology and literature can be considered as bounded aspect, which, literature as mother study, contains many theories and analysis such as soc ial, moral, philosophy, critics, and the most important thing, literature always use human as the main subject for all the divergence as the reflection of other problems and theories used in analysis of literature. serviceman itself has psychological system that can be explained and analyzed towards the conflicts and problems in the literature.Mcneil and Rubin stated about psychology understanding, Human behavior is nothing less than the substance of our lives our actions, our thoughts, our attitudes, our moods, even our hopes and dreams The purpose of Psychology as a science and profession is two bend dexter first base, to provide better answers to psychological questions than the everyday psychologist faces and second to help people make use of these answers in shaping their own lives (Mcneil and Rubin, The Psychology of Being Human. 994 4) literary works mostly reflect the behavior of human, in other words the forms of human can be seen through literary works. Psychology ca n be studied beyond the actions, thoughts attitudes, moods, hopes and dreams of human, and all of that can be found in literary works, considering that complex story work like novel narrates and describes characters behavior in a specific way. The psychology studies divide into four they are General Psychology, Child Psychology, Social-psychology and Organizational Psychology.As the object of this research is a novel about war, snap in obedience of soldier to authority in military, the social psychology theory is used. Furthermore, this lead to description of psychology of soldier in military in neural and the obedience theory by Stanley Amalgam, whence, the analysis in order to get the purpose of this research will mix those data. 2. 3 Psychology of soldier Psychology or psychic or mental is the most important basic aspect in order to Join military, rather than physic and strength.Psychology can lead a soldier change the behavior in war, as their Job is to protect or attack a cou ntry (sees). Actually, the most appearance mental var.ed and disorder is come from the military. The violence in war is variable, murder, assassination, decimation, daughter, homicide, and other sidesplitting manners and terms is become their daily diet. Outside killing, rape, persecution, etc, then it belatedly affect to the psychological disorder.In Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PETS) case, Michele K analyzed the corporeal violence in signs and the * Assault Sexual or physical abuse Childhood neglect Car or plane crashes Terrorist attacks Sudden death of a loved one Rape Kidnapping Common symptoms of stead-traumatic stress disorder (PETS) Anger and irritability Guilt, shame, or self-blame Substance abuse Suicidal thoughts and feelings Feeling alienated and alone Feelings of mistrust and betrayal Depression and hopelessnessPhysical aches and pains Basically, in military there are 2 fragments in general for military psychologist develop and work in the soldier psychology, they are Operational Psychology division and Health, Organization, and Occupation Psychology division. Operational psychology is the use of psychological principles and skills to improve a military commanders decision making as it pertains to conducting combat and/or link up operations. (Stall Stephenson, 2006 18(4)).Military psychologists perform work in a variety of areas, to include operating mental health and family counseling clinics, performing search to help select recruits for the arm forces, determining which recruits will be best suited for various military occupational specialties, and performing analysis on humanitarian and peacekeeping missions to determine procedures that could save military and civilian lives. any(prenominal) military psychologists also work to improve the lives of service personnel and their families.Other military psychologists work with large social policy programs at heart the military that are designed to increase diversity and equal opportun ity. (Division 19 Society for Military Psychology, 2009) In military, there is Military Human Resource Development. In USA, based on the report of SADIE F. IDENTIFIED, staff manager on American Psychological railroad tie (PAP), from congressional briefing at military,there are 3 subfields Human incidentor, training, recruitment, and retention.Human Factors. Retired Cool. Gerald P. Krueger, PhD, presented results of ongoing studies of the performance-degrading effects of clothing designed to protect soldiers from chemical and biological weapons. In a study published in Military Medicine (Volvo. 166, none 2), and Military Psychology (Volvo. 9, No. ), Krueger reported that two types of common military gearM-40 gas masks, which are air-filtration headgear currently being used by the U. S. Litany in Iraq, and the Battledress Overpayment, a protective layer of clothes worn over a standard military uniformimpair many routine activities such as walking, smelling and breathing, though the y effectively protect the wearer from chemical and biological interactions, psychological research on training is also crucial to the military, reported Cool. Robert Roland, Used, of the industrial College of the Armed Forces at the National Defense University in Washington, D. C. He state DoC)-funded psychological research has helped military commanders develop Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) training.Recruitment. Other shining research in the SERE area is designed to help military commanders and trainers identify factors that improve service swain members ability to respond to high-stress combat and captivity situations. Stress-hardy individuals, said Roland, exhibit measurable differences from their peers on variables such as heart-rate, self perception and cognitive processes. Retention. Besides recruiting, another important aspect of military human imagery management is retaining enlistees. Howard M.Weiss, PhD, head of the department of psychological sciences and co-director of the Military Family Research Institute at Purdue University, summarized some of the institutes findings on ways in which the military can move on re-enlistment. Commitment to the military, says Weiss, is central to predicting re-enlistment, and for married soldiers, spousal grantment is also important. In light of this finding, Weiss and his colleagues are developing measurements of military member and spousal commitment and examining the effects of quality of life on military commitment and retention.Ultimately, reported Weiss, this research will aid the military in increasing the retention rates of apt soldiers. 2. 4 Psychology of Obedience (Amalgams Theory of Obedience to Authority) 2. 4. 1 Obedience in general Obedience, in human behavior, is a form of social influence in which a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority externalise. (Coalman, 2009). Obedience is a kind of the inhabitency of a human to follow the rule or the auth ority that is given from the public agreement or the superior.Obedience usually based on two moral effects, when someone take vow to obey superior authority or rules, he/she must do it thou any hesitate, question, and refuses, penthouses it contrary to his/her belief in the truth to the authority itself. Those effects are sin and equity sin appeared when the order from superior is aimed to bad things, like killing people for money. Whereas, virtue appeared when the order from superior is aimed for the shake of public protection, killing people to rescind many other people being killed like terrorism. . 4. 2 Stanley Amalgam and His Theory of Obedience to Authority The psychology of obedience actually has been analyzed by New Yorker social psychologist Stanley Amalgam. He was born in 1933. He graduated from James Monroe High School in 1950, along with associate degree classmate and future social psychologist, Phil Zanzibar. Amalgam published Obedience to Authority in 1974 and was a warded the annual social psychology award by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) for his lifes work but mostly for his work with obedience.Luckily, Amalgam also focuses on the obedience to authority in environment of military he seeks all the problems of psychological within obedience and how the soldier responds the order and what the effect which would arose if they obey the authority. According to Amalgam, every human has the dual capacity to function as an individual exercising his or her own moral Judgment and the capacity to make their own moral decisions based on their personal character. What is still a mystery is this, what own moral Judgment?It is ironic that virtues of loyalty, discipline, and self-sacrifice that we value so highly in the individual are the very properties that create deadly organizational engines of war and bind men to malevolent systems of authority. (Obedience to Authority, 1974, p. 188). In war, mostly,the authority given r eportedly to attack, defense, saving, medic, report, assassin, and other basic orders that in morality case, those authority refers to virtue that if the soldiers obey, it would have positive results.However, in other cases, the authority which leads to sin also appeared in the war, Such as My Alai incident in Vietnam, where 350 unarmed civilization killed by American soldiers because of their superior authority. 2. 4. 3 Obedience to Authority Experiments Image Information E Experimenter T Teacher L Learner The participants in the Amalgam examine were 40 men recruited using newspaper ads. In exchange for their participation, each person was paid $4. 50. Amalgam developed an intimidating fog generator, with shock levels commencement at 30 volts and increasing in 1 5-volt increments all the way up to 450 volts.The many switches were labeled with terms including slight shock, moderate shock and chance severe shock. The final two switches were labeled simply with an ominous XX. E ach participant took the role of a teacher who would then deliver a shock to the student every time an incorrect answer was produced. While the participant leveled that he was delivering real shocks to the student, the student was actually a confederate in the sample who was simply pretending to be shocked. As the experiment progressed, the participant would hear the bookman plead to be released or even complain about a heart condition.Once the 300-volt level had been reached, the learner banged on the wall and demented to be released. Beyond this point, the learner became completely silent and refused to answer any more questions. The experimenter then instructed the participant to treat this silence as an incorrect response and deliver a advertise shock. Most participants asked the experimenter whether they should continue. The experimenter issued a series of commands to prod the participant along 1. Please continue. 2. The experiment requires that you continue. 3. It is absol utely essential that you continue. 4. You have no other choice, you must go on. Results of the Amalgam Experiment The level of shock that the participant was unforced to deliver was used as the measure of obedience. How far do you think that most participants were willing to go? When Amalgam posed this question to a collection of Yale University students, it was predicted hat no more than 3 out of 100 participants would deliver the maximum shock. In reality, 65% of the participants in Amalgams study delivered the maximum shocks. Of the 40 participants in the study, 26 delivered the maximum shocks while 14 stopped before reaching the highest levels.It is important to note that many of the subjects became extremely agitated, distraught and angry at the experimenter. insofar they amount of anxiety experienced by many of the participants, all subjects were debriefed at the end of the experiment to explain the procedures and the use of deception. However, many critics of the study h ave argued that many of the artisans were still confused about the exact nature of the experiment. Amalgam later surveyed the participants and found that 84% were glad to have participated, while only 1% regretted their involvement. 2. 4. Factors That growing Obedience According to Amalgam, there are some circumstances that make obedience level is high, thus, the highest circumstances are * Commands were given by an authority figure rather than another volunteer * The experiments were done at a prestigious institution * The authority figure was present in the room with the subject * The learner was n another room * The subject did not see other subjects disobeying commands In everyday situations, people obey orders because they want to get rewards, because they want to avoid the negative consequences of disobeying, and because they believe an authority is legitimate.In more extreme situations, people obey even when they are required to violate their own values or commit crimes. Res earchers think several factors cause people to carry obedience to extremes * state Justify their behavior by assigning responsibility to the authority rather than themselves. * People define he behavior thats expected of them as routine. * People dont want to be rude or offend the authority. People obey easy commands first and then feel compelled to obey more and more difficult commands. This process is called entrapment, and it illustrates the foot-in-the-door phenomenon 2. 4. 5 Moral Obligation Vs. Authority In military, one can see the perspective of authority that there is no moral obligation to obey authority merely because there is oath that make soldier, in this case, the promoter must obey authority because it is authority. According to U.S Military, hen one enlists the United States Military, active duty or reserve, they must take (pronounce and apply) the following oath I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States a gainst all enemies, foreign and domestic that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to regulations and the Uniform Code of Military Justice.Military members who run down to obey the lawful orders of their superiors risk serious consequences. Article 90 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCM) makes it a crime for a military member to WILLFULLY disobey a superior commissioned officer. Article 91 makes it a crime to WILLFULLY disobey a superior Noncommissioned or Warrant Officer. Article 92 makes it a crime to disobey any lawful order (the disobedience does not have to be willful under this article). (Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCM)).In fact, under Article 90, during times of war, a military member who willfully disobeys a superior commissioned officer can be sentenced to death. But authority is not extraneous to obedience. Obedienc e is not merely doing what another decides but rather doing it because it is the decision of an authority. I do not obey, unless we use obey in a very broad sense. Complying is a matter of doing what another wants us to do?for whatever reason we decide to comply. Obedience, on the other hand, is a specific variety of compliance. It is a compliance based on authority.In other words, an authority is a requisite condition for obedience. When we obey, we do so because someones decision is authoritative. But this does not mean that when we obey we do so Just because someones decision is authoritative. For example, suppose that (1) a legitimate authority decides that a place is to do something, x. Further suppose that (2) the subordinate has determined that doing x is valuable whenever the authority says to do x. Now suppose that (3) the subordinate does x because of (1) and (2). It would seem that the subordinate is obeying.He is doing x whenever the authority says to. In other words, he is doing x because x has been authoritatively decided but not Just because it has been authoritatively decided. He is doing x because of (1) but not Just because of (1). He is doing it because of (1) and (2). It is important to reject this Just because terminology, for rejecting the terminology allows us an obedience that is more than the blind response of a robot. If obedience were based only on authority, then it would not matter whether the authority is a Hitler in Nazi Germany, a Mafia chief, or a son Scout patrol leader.Any other consideration besides the existence of the authoritative order would then be extraneous. And since authority by itself cannot morally Justify obedience, any obedience based only on authority would not be morally Justified. Hence, it is not enough to say to the subordinate, You should obey e because Im the authority. The intelligent subordinate will recognize that Hitless and Boy Scout patrol leaders are authorities also. When trying to Justify obed ience, we must appeal to more than the fact of authority. Obedience should not be Just because of authority.Otherwise the obligation to obey is equally strong for Hitless, chiefs of staff, and Boy Scout patrol leaders. 2. 4. 6 Summary of The Story compendium Chapter 1 A Family Visit An American grandfather with his wife, his children and grandchildren visits a big cemetery in France. The grandfather prays, the grandson wonders why. Chapter 2 On the Landing Beach American soldiers wait on boats to land on the beach in Normandy in June 1944. Some of the boats are blown to pieces at once, and those who survive see incredibly relentless scenes. Landing on the beach, many are killed.Captain moth miller saves a young private, Delaney. Chapter 3 Landing Miller and Delaney get to the beach, then Delaney is killed, along with hundreds of others. Miller uses Delaney ashes as a shield to protect himself. Some soldiers arrive at the sea wall, where it is harder for the enemy to shoot them, and they realize they are two kilometers from where they are hypothetical to be. Chapter 4 On the Beach Using explosives, a number of soldiers force their way off the beach. Some of Millers soldiers have survived. The doctor, Wade, takes risks to help a friend.A little further on, they attack a German machine gun position, and capture it. They are now safe for the moment. Chapter 5 A Problem In Washington, secretaries are write letters to families of dead soldiers. The colonel responsible realizes that three brothers, from the Ryan family in Iowa, have all been killed very recently. The fourth Ryan brother is in France. The colonel is worried about the effect on public relations. Enervation earlier decides they must save the fourth brother, even if it meaner other soldiers taking enormous risks.Chapter 6 The Mission Captain Miller and his group are still in France. Miller is given the urgent Job of finding the fourth Ryan brother, and has a squad of eight soldiers to help him. Th ey will have to pass through enemy lines. Chapter 7 On the Road The soldiers are more than a little skeptical about their mission. They wonder why they should risk all their lives to rescue one unimportant soldier who may in any case already be dead. Driving down a very dangerous road, heir Jeep is destroyed by a bomb and they have to continue on foot.Chapter 8 Nouvelle-AU-plain The eight soldiers have-to doe with American soldiers in Nouvelle who were hoping for much bigger reinforcements and are disappointed to see such a small squad, on a mission which seems difficult to Justify. The squad begin feel for Ryan. French civilians ask them to take their children to safety, but this is against orders. One of the soldiers, Capron, is killed while playing with the children. Chapter 9 Private Ryan The Americans kill five Germans in a building. The squad find Private Ryan and tell him that all his brothers are dead.But it is the wrong Private Ryan This Private Ryan only has brothers who are much too young to be in the army. They then try to find out where the company of the other James Ryan is stationed. Chapter 10 New Hope They walk on in the night, discussing their mission with some cynicism. They meet up with more Americans, but they cant find Ryan. They sort through large numbers of identity tags belonging to dead soldiers, but there is none with the name of Private Ryan on. They finally find someone who knows where his company is twenty-five kilometers away.Chapter 1 1 Germans The squad comes across a German aching gun post and after an argument decides to take it before continuing. Some of the soldiers consider this to be an unnecessary risk, but Miller thinks that not to take the gun position would institutionalize other soldiers in great danger. The squads medic, Wade, is hit by five bullets. Chapter 12 The Prisoner Wade the medic takes drugs to kill himself, because he is dying. One of the German soldiers surrenders. Some of the squad want to kill him. They make him bury the dead American soldiers.Captain Miller allows the prisoner to go free. One of the soldiers, Robber, is so angry about this he wants to mutiny and leave the group. Serge threatens to shoot him, but Miller calms everyone down. Chapter 13 Ramble Hiding from German tanks, disorders arrive in Ramble. Just before they arrive, thrives are deliver by Private Ryan Miller delivers his message to Ryan and says they are taking him home. Remunerates to come, since the bridge his group is defending stop important, and because he does not want to abandon his fellow soldiers, who are already short of personnel.Chapter 14 The Bridge The squad decides to help hold the bridge. They draw up a new plan, position the machine guns, and make some specially improvised sticky bombs to attack the tanks with. The German tanks attack, and the soldiers fight bravely and effectively. The German prisoner they had previously released is again fighting and is killed. Captain Miller dies, his l ast words to Ryan being earn this. Chapter 1 5 Memories Many years later James Ryan visits Captain Millers grave with his wife, and asks him if he has indeed realize what Miller and his friends did for him.Ryan asks his wife, to whom he has told little of his terrible war experiences, to reassure him that he has lived a good life. RESEARCH METHOD 3. 1 Method of the Research This research uses a qualitative method to analyze the object in the research. A qualitative method observes or records the people, scope or institution in natural setting that concepts, hypotheses and theories in describing the process, meaning and understanding the object in the form of words or pictures are built in this research (Merriam in Crewel, 1994 145) 3. The information resources Data is the information about every related thing to the purpose of the research (Druid, 2007 83). The data used in this research are divided into two separate as follow a. The Primary Source The primary source of this rese arch is novel by Max Allan Collins based on screenplay by Robert Rotate entitled Saving Private Ryan published in 1998 level 6 of penguin readers. B. collateral Data Secondary data are all supporting data and other references also relevant information about the object which included books, Journals, dictionary, articles and internet based files. . 3 Technique of Data Collection To obtain the necessary data, the writer read the whole of the novel carefully and repeatedly. Then, the writer could understand and get a deep comprehension. The next method is folding the important pages which consist of the problem that will be analyzed in study. Then, underlining and making a note for the main data that related to the problem which will be analyzed by using some theories, concepts and approach. These Techniques are used to help easier in analyzing later.The main data are taken from the comprehension of narrative, dialogues, and conflicts of the characters which is stated in novel Saving Private Ryan. 3. 4 Technique of Data Analysis The technique to analyze the gathered data is divided into four steps. The steps are listed as follow a. Data Collection In this research, the researcher collects the data which is related to the object of the search from the dialogues and narratives of the short story.The gathered data considered from both Primary and Secondary data and at least as much as possible data for the research. B. Data Reduction Data reduction step is summarizing, choosing and focusing on important things from the data. Any gathered data that seems not suitable for the further research will be reduced. The purpose of data reduction is to find out as much as possible related data from the previous step. C. Data Interpretation Data interpretation is to interpr

Responsibility of Employers for Acts of Employees

Another employee of your paper mill, Hotspur, steals a shipment of wood pulp for your company to impress you with initiative to take prisoner new resources for free. Unfortunately, he runs down a pedestrian crossing properly in the crosswalk on his way back to your factory, injuring her. If the pedestrian sues your company displace there be a recovery for the injury? Discuss your answer. The employee who stole the shipment will cause the company to be responsible for the recovery for the injury. I believe that this is a case of the doctrine of respondeat superior.This is Latin for let the master respond. The employee is an agent of the company therefore the employer is responsible for their actions. all the same though the employer had no idea of knowing what the agent was going to do, the company is still liable for his/her actions. As noted in the text, the following example was given, If a truck driver, the employee of a delivery firm, negligently runs a red light and injures a pedestrian, the owner of the truck is liable for the injury (Hallowell & Miller, 2012).In addition, the employee could be terminated because of his/her actions while being apply as an agent. The employee could be terminated because an injury or possible death occurred that was not what the agent was contracted to do. The employee could also be prosecuted because the wood pulp was stolen. Even though it was an effort to impress the company it is still punishable by law because the goods were stolen, not free.

Long period of time Essay

What Techniques does Dickens use in Great Expectations to gain and accommodate his ratifiers attention and interest, and how effective do you find these techniques? Illustrate your assist using examples from the text?Although Great Expectations was written some 150 years ago it is still being read even today. Dickens grabs the readers attention from the in truth lift out and manages to sustain it throughtaboo the book by using a variety of techniques which I am going to explore in more depth.The chapter begins with the origination of strap and saying how his name came to be. My Fathers family name being Pirrip and my Christian name being Philip this gives the reader an impression that slash is youre genuinely average soul and the main character will most probably be Pip as he is lay outd in truth sharply in the opening paragraph. Dickens characterises Pip and his tone of voice as learned and precise and uses formal vocabulary which may suggest he has had a good upbringing and his family are steadfast on manners and respect.Pip then begins to tell the reader that he never knew his parents and has never even seen them in photos let alone real animateness I never saw my Father or my Mother, and never saw and likeness of either of them Although he had never seen his Mother or Father mental capacity and pathos combine in Pips explanation of how he formed a mental image of his parents The shape of the letters on my Fathers tombstone gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man with curly black hair Pip is shown as having a very powerful imagination and that he needed to bring to pass an image of his Father he never knew from whatever was left of him that he could find, even though it wasnt very promising.In the third paragraph Pip begins to describe the scenery and whereabouts of his location Ours was marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles of the sea. Pip describes the area as if a camera was scan the lands cape and that we could see what he was describing which I think is very effective as it makes the reader more involved in the story as if they were at that place with him. Pips smallness, suffering and vulnerability is emphasised further on in the book At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard and that Philip Pirrip, Georgiana were dead and buried and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias and Roger were also dead and buried.This gives the reader a sense of sympathy towards Pip as most of his family are dead and that he hasnt got much in his life. It also gives the reader an impression that Pips days are few as his family hasnt got a good track record of living long and this may worry Pip. The scenery dark flat wilderness and distant savage den reflects Pips emotional state and intuitive feelinging of no hope, which backs up the idea that Pips days are few and death may be around the corner.Dickens uses a mixtur e of emotions to fully gain and sustain the readers interest, and all of the characters have different personalities and physical features. Dickens also uses characternyms as a sharp way to introduce the individuality of the character and by one short phrase or even a word we can create a mental range of what the character looks like. My name is Jaggers. The reader would feel by reading this that he is a hard, stern man with little emotion and that he has a serrated personality.Mr Wopsle, the clerk at the church This is a very funny name and Dickens is trying to amuse the reader as the name isnt very common.Uncle Pumblechock This is also a very funny name and suggests he may be an arrogant person with a posh, pompous personality.Dickens mixes humour with unassumingness consistently end-to-end the course of the book and balances this just right to keep the reader wanting to keep going on and read more. He does this throughout the description of Mrs. Joe and forces the reader into creating their own image of her by saying things which offer little help in knowing what she may look like not good looking. This is brief but it is backed up by an in-depth description of her personality which may help the reader complete the jigsaw in terms of Miss Joes appearance. He tells us. She must have made Joe marry her and had established a owing(p) reputation.. Because she had bought me up by hand. This gives the reader a clear idea of Mrs Joes personality as from those two phrases the reader can gather that she is a very strict, temperamental and bossy woman.Dickens uses a wide variety of techniques to make his novel more enjoyable and for the reader not to want to put it down. He illustrates every scene very surface by using repetition, similes and metaphors. He uses repetition as a technique to reinstate his thought and to make the reader almost feel as if he/she is there, as the point has been emphasized twice. It was wretched weather stormy and wet, stormy and wet and mud, mud, mud deep in all the streets It also makes us feel as if it has been raining for a long period of time. some other example of Dickens using repetition as a technique to gain and sustain his readers attention is when Pip meets the convict who when talking to Pip uses the word and many times, this shows that he feels over-whelmed by the presence of Pip and a bit scared as he stutters to find words as he uses and a lot. A fearful man all in coarse grey with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag ties round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smoothed by mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars who limped, and shivered, and glared and growled and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin.Another technique that Dickens uses to devastating effect I feel is the pace as this keeps the reader interested at all times, he builds momentum up to a particula r scene by keeping a consistent pace and then slows the pace down when using very descriptive wrangle which creates suspense for the reader and keeps the readers imagination open as to what may happen next. He looked about him with the strongest air.Pulled off a rough outer covering. and. Hat. I saw that his head was furrowed and bald. Long iron grey hair growing on its sides. He stopped in his looking at me, and slowly rubbed his right hand over his head. He sat down on a chair that stood by the fire, and cover his forehead with his large brown veinous hands. Towards the end of the book Dickens does the opposite and uses an acceleration of pace. They had pulled one sudden stroke ahead, had got their oars in, had a run bungle us, and were holding on to out gunwale, before we knew what they were doing. This shows Pip as being excited as he is rushing what he is saying as he is not describing anything in detail and cant to say what happened.Another very good technique that dickens uses in Great Expectations is Dickenss larger than life characters that have been exaggerated to make the story come alive and more believable. A good example is Miss Havisham, as she is on a regular basis described by Pip as some ghastly waxwork from the fair and having dark eyes. She is also described as a plan, and someone who had shrunk to skin and bone and having clothes that were faded and lost their brightness. This makes the reader perceive her as a very evil and dead person.As I can see from his wide range of techniques that are used to great effect Dickens is able to gain and sustain the readers interest from the very start and keeping it going right through to the end of the book which makes Great Expectations so well renowned even today.

Lawn Tennis

Lawn Tennis A Research Paper Presented to Mrs. Nora May H. Cubal Mati School of Art and Trades City of Mati Davao Oriental SY2011-2012 In incomplete Fulfillment Of the Requirement in English IV Presented by Junave N. ce nutos IV-Quezon I-Introduction Thanks to the wide coverage that television and other media gives to the game, tennis is now one of the or so popular sports. How does one define the game? It is a game played with racquets and a light ball between devil players. The players stand on turnaround sides of a net placed in the center on a rectangular butterfly that may be made of grass, corpse or asphalt.It scum bag also be played between two teams of two players. Racquetball, a variation of the game, is played in an indoor court with a specially marked floor and high walls off which the ball must be played. Tennis has a long history, and according to records available, its establishment can be traced to two distract incidents. In 1859, Major Thomas Henry Gem, a soli citor, and his friend Batista Pereira, a Spanish merchant, were living in Birmingham, England, and played a game that they termed pelota by and bywards a Spanish ball game.It was played on a lawn. This later came to be known as tennis, and in 1874 they make the Leamington Tennis Club, which laid come forward the rules of the game. It was on 23 July 1884 that the starting tennis tournament was held on the grounds of Shrubland Hall. Mean time, in December 1873, Major Walter Clopton Wingfield devised a similar game to entertain his guests at a party on his estate in Wales. It is believed that his version was adapted from an older sport of indoor tennis or royal tennis that had been invented in 12th century France.The world tennis comes from the French word tenez, an imperative form of the verb tenir which means to hold. This, apparently, was a cry used by the player who was virtually to serve the ball. The players or the teams, depending on whether it is a singles or a doubles match, stand on opposite sides of the net. One player is the server and the opponent player is the receiver. The server serves the ball, which is returned by the receiver. The ball has to go over the net into the helping court opposite the servers. If the ball hits the net but lands in the benefit court, it is a void service.The server then gets a second chance. A proper service starts a rally in which the players alternate hitting the ball across the net. The first player or team that fails to return the ball loses the point. -1- II-Definition of Terms 1. action Synonym for spin. 2. ad court Left side of the court of each player, so called because the ad (advantage) point immediately following a deuce is always served from this side of the court. 3. advantage When one player wins the first point from a deuce and needs one more point to win the game not applicable when using deciding points. . advantage plant Set won by a player/team having won at least six games with a two-game advantage over the opponent(s). Final sets in the singles draws of the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, and the tennis Olympic event, as well as the Davis Cup, are all advantage sets. 5. all Used by the prexy umpire to announce scores when both players have the same number of points or the same number of games 30all (3030), 15all (1515), two games all, quadruple games all, etc. When both players are at 40, the preferred term is deuce. 6. ll-court Style of play that is a composite of all the different playing styles, which includes baseline, transition, and serve and volley styles. 7. backhand shot Stroke in which the ball is hit with the back of the racquet hand facing the ball at the moment of contact. A backhand is often hit by a right-handed player when the ball is on the left side of the court, and vice versa. 8. backspin Shot that rotates the ball backwards after it is hit also known as slice or underspin. The trajectory of the shot is affected by an upward force that lifts the ball. See Magnus effect. 9. ackswing Portion of a swing where the racquet is swung backwards in preparation for the forward motion to hit the ball. 10 bagel Winning (or losing) a set 60 (the shape of the zero being reminiscent of the round shape of a bagel). See also breadstick. -2- III-Discussion A. Tennis Courts The NTC has 120 acrylic hard courts (50 indoor, 50 outdoor), 6 clay courts, and 14 grass courts. B. Hard Courts The NTCs 120 acrylic courts are a GreenSet Grand Prix Acrylic surface. The indoor courts have a sprung timber sub-frame, while the outdoor courts are laid directly on asphalt.This GreenSet surface is used at many international tournaments including Davis Cup, Fed Cup, WTA and ATP Masters Series events. C. clay Courts The National Tennis nerve boasts two different types of outdoor clay courts which have been designed to brave the elements of the UK climate and allow for the longest possible clay court playing season and maximum use. 4 Northern Eu ropean Clay Courts (These are identical to the courts used at the Bastad ATP Tennis moment in Sweden) and 2 FRENCH-COURT synthetic clay courts. D. Grass CourtsThe LTA consulted All England Lawn Tennis Club head groundsman Eddie Seaward to advise on the installation of its four outdoor grass courts. The quality and playing characteristics replicate those found at the Wimbledon Championships. E. High doing Training Facilities Along with its 22 tennis courts, the NTC is equipped with a state-of-the-art gymnasium, outdoor sprint track and hydrotherapy and plunge pools. The NTC has overnight accommodation for up to 54 people, along with a player lounge and fun room to be fully equipped to host high performance players from out of town. -3- F. Sports Science CentreThe NTC provides highly professional services in capital punishment analysis, fitness, psychological science, physiotherapy and rehab, strength and conditioning, medical support and nutrition, led by Head of Player Support Simon Jones Simon ensures that his team of highly qualified specialists, work in an interdisciplinary way bringing an applied, player centered support service to Britains top players and coaches The Sports Medicine and Science Centre at the National Tennis Centre offers Britains elite players * Physical therapies physiotherapy, osteopathy and massage * Tennis Functional Movement Screening Sports medicine general practice, sports medicine and specialist review * Sports nutrition * Sports psychology * Exercise physiology Physical testing * Monitoring of training loads * Daily monitoring of hydration and physical readiness * Cardiac screening * Educational advisory service including Anti Doping * Performance analysis including fixed on court camera IV-Suggestion/Recommendation With over one million titles in the database, it isnt feasible to handpick recommendations for every film.Thats wherefore we came up with a complex formula to suggest titles that fit along with the selected o ne. The formula uses factors such as user votes, genre, title, and keywords to generate an automatic response. The system produces small results most of the time but since recommended titles are not manually chosen, occasionally they may include less than perfect matches, particularly on films where we dont have a lot of data/credits. -4- If you disagree with a recommendation for a given title and know of a better one, we encourage you to help us change the results.While you cant modify the recommendations directly, updating the keywords will have the biggest impact on their selection. Look for the Update button at the bottom of the main title knave and add more relevant (or just plain more) keywords and help make our Recommends feature more useful, more appropriate, and more fun. V-Summary Lawn tennis is a comparatively advanced modification of the ancient game of court tennis. Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield thought that something like court tennis might be played outdoors on la wns, and in Dec. 873, at Nantclwyd, Wales, he introduced his new game under the name of Sphairistike at a lawn party. The game was a success and spread rapidly, but the name was a pith failure and almost immediately disappeared when all the players and spectators began to refer to the new game as lawn tennis. In the early part of 1874, a young lady named bloody shame Ewing Outerbridge returned from Bermuda to New York, bringing with her the implements and necessary equipment of the new game, which she had obtained from a British Army supply store in Bermuda.Miss Outerbridge and friends played the first game of lawn tennis in the United States on the grounds of the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club in the spring of 1874. For a few years, the new game went along in haphazard fashion until about 1880, when standard measurements for the court and standard equipment within definite limits became the rule. In 1881, the U. S. Lawn Tennis Association (whose name was changed in 1975 t o the U. S. Tennis Association) was formed and conducted the first national championship at Newport, R. I.The international matches for the Davis Cup began with a series between the British and U. S. players on the courts of the Longwood Cricket Club, Chestnut Hill, Mass. , in 1900, with the substructure players winning. Professional tennis, which got its start in 1926 when the French star Suzanne Lenglen was paid $50,000 for a tour, received full recognition in 1968. Staid old Wimbledon, the London dental plate of what are considered the world championships, let the pros compete. This decision ended a long controversy over open tennis and changed the format of the competition. -5- VI-Bibliography http//www. infoplease. om/ipsa/A0112966. html Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www. hallamgrange. org. uk/ www. proline. com. sg -6- Table of Content I-Introduction1 II-Definition of Terms2 III-Discussion.. 3-4 A. Tennis Courts3 B. Hard Courts.. 3 C. Clay Courts3 D. Grass Courts 3 E. Hi gh Performance Training Facilities. 3-4 IV-Suggestion/Recommendation4-5 V-Summary. 5 VI-Bibliography 6

Development of Haiti 2010

Haiti is the poorest soil in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the macrocosm living under the poverty line and 54% in horrible poverty. Two-thirds of all Haitians depend on the agricultural sector, mainly small-scale subsistence farming, and remain at risk to damage from frequent natural disasters as well as the countrys widespread growth of disforestation (much of the remaining forested land is being clean-cut for agriculture and intentd as fuel).While the economy has recover in recent years, registering positive growth since 2005, iv tropical storms in 2008 along with the recent storm that had hit Haiti this year in 2010 severely disgraced the transportation, communications, and agricultural aras. Larger scale agricultural products in Haiti include coffee, mangos, sugar fucke, rice, corn, sorghum and wood. Although industry is small, sugar refining, textiles and nigh assembly atomic number 18 common in Haiti. The economic inequality in Haiti is comparatively high. Expendi ture distributions be highly slanted with the majority of expenditures at the low end.The GDP (gross domestic product) per capita in Haiti as of 2009 is $1,300. The f be of the unemployed in Haiti is 3. 643 million good deal. The labor force rates in Haiti by occupation, for agriculture it is 66%, for services it is 25%, and for industry it is scarcely 9%. In Haiti, those who can read and write are usually 15 and older. Typical males can read and write more so than girls, but only(prenominal) by a small percentage males are 54. 8% literate and females are 51. 2% literate. Haiti has 15,200 basal schools, of which 90% are non-public and managed by the communities, religious organizations.The enrollment rate for primary school is 67%, and less than 30% reach 6th grade. Secondary schools enroll 20% of eligible-age children. Although, public education is free, private and naif schools provide virtually 75% of educational programs offered and less than 65% of those eligible for primary education are actually enrolled. Only 63% of those enrolled will complete primary school. Although Haitians place a high order on education, few can afford to send their children to secondary school. Remittances sent by Haitians living afield are important in contributing to educational costs.Haiti meets around international human rights standards. In practice, however, approximately(prenominal) provisions are not respected. The governments human rights record is poor. Political killings, kidnapping, torture, and unlawful workforce are common unofficial practices. Medical facilities in Haiti are in short supply and for the most part they are all very poor quality outside the capital standards are regular(a) lower than in Port-au-Prince. Medical care in Port-au-Prince is limited, and the level of community sanitation is extremely low. unplayful emergencies often require evacuation by air ambulance at the patients expense.Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate s pecie payment for health services. The degree of risk in Haiti is quite high half of the children in Haiti are unvaccinated and just 40% of the universe of discourse has access to basic health care. Even before the 2010 earthquake, intimately half the causes of deaths have been attributed to HIV/AIDS, respiratory infections, meningitis and diarrheal diseases, including cholera and typhoid. Ninety percent of Haitis children sustain from waterborne diseases and intestinal parasites. Approximately 5% of Haitis adult population is infected with HIV.Cases of tuberculosis in Haiti are more than ten times as high as those in other Latin American countries. Also, around 30,000 people in Haiti suffer each year from malaria. Environmental widespread growth of deforestation in Haiti as well as, soil erosion, poor supply of drinkable water, biodiversity, climate change, and desertification are some main causes as to why Haiti is such a poor and lacking country today. The forests that once co vered the entire country have now been reduced to 4% of the marrow land area. Haiti loses 3% of its forests every year.Deforestation has had a disastrous effect on soil fertility, because the steep hillsides on which so many Haitian farmers work are particularly at risk to erosion. Another environmental factor that faces Haiti is the unplanned and unsustainable pure tone harvesting, agricultural clearing, and livestock cultivation that has thrown Haitis environment into crisis, creating the effects of hurricanes and floods on the already explosive country. Haitis transportation is not at all well although they have 14 airports in Haiti, only 4 of them are paved and the other 10 are not.The road total mileage in Haiti is about 2,585 miles, only 628 miles of it is paved and 1,957 miles is unpaved. Haiti has only two main highways that run from one end of the country to the other. In the past Haiti used railroads, but today they are no longer in use due to other forms of transportat ion that have become available. The birth rate in Haiti is 24. 92 births per 1,000 people of the population, and the death rate is 32. 31 deaths per 1,000 people of the population as of 2010. The infant mortality rate total is 77. 26% deaths per 1,000 live births males have a higher death rate than females. Males having 81. deaths per 1,000 live births and females having 73. 07 deaths per 1,000 live births. lifespan expectancy of the total population is only 29. 93 years, males only having 29. 61 years and females living until around age 30. The reason for such a high mortality rate is due to AIDS this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.Works Cited CIA. CIA The public Factbook. Welcome to the CIA Web Site Central Intelligence Agency. 27 Oct. 2010. Web. 05 Nov. 010. . Nicolas, Marc-Charles. Facts about Haiti, About Haiti, Data and commonwealth of Haiti, Haiti Crime Report, Haiti Superficie, Haiti Superficy. Haitisurf. com- Haiti Website, Haitian Website, Top Haitian Website Haiti Tourism Haiti Vacations. 2008. Web. 05 Nov. 2010. . Rival, Antonio. Culture of Haiti Traditional, History, People, Clothing, Traditions, Women, Beliefs, Food, Customs, Family, Social, Dress, Marriage, Men, Life, Population, Religion, Rituals. Countries and Their Cultures. Web. 05 Nov. 2010. . U. S. Library of Congress. Haiti GEOGRAPHY. Country Studies. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. .

Definition of Cloud Computing Essay

What is your comment of cloud computing and how does it impact your business? Cloud computing has been around for a age. It has been lurking in the ICT manufacturing in sm building blocker forms and companies have generally been using the return internally without realizing it. Only a few years ago, the sudden realization that cloud computing can save an musical arrangement massive in operation(p) costs came to the fore. Organizations were getting bigger and the cost of doing business was becoming expensive. Organizations that were expanding globally, i.e. beyond their countrys borders were discovering that the radical costs per country varied and in some instances were n hotshot-existent as the country did non have the purchase power to procure the latest infrastructure. This squiffyt that organizations that had SOE (standard operating environments) and were mandated by policy to conform to specific standards began to find it more difficult to maintain their standards.T his in turn meant that compromises would sine qua non to be made to security policies and the method in which selective development was delivered to international clients had to be changed to enable this to happen. So, it was only natural that when cloud computing improvement providers began an scrappy push for their services, the world breathed a sigh of relief. Here at last was a service that could be delivered virtually bothwhere in the world and unconstipated more beneficial was the fact that the service could be delivered down to handheld devices such(prenominal) as smartphones and the iPad. In appendage to this, cloud computing enabled an organization to maintain its policies seamlessly across multiple sites which may be located in different countries. The entire syllabus could be used to virtually exchangeize the selective reading and the policies associated with it. So, exactly what is cloud computing? To the layman, the simplest definition is the repositing of d ata in a virtual cloud with the Internet being used as the moxie to access and work on data.The CloudThe CloudData FlowData FlowFor a user who is always on the move, cloud computing makes it easier to access and work on data disregardless of the location and it also allows the user to be in touch with his office because cloud computing is not restricted merely to information sharing but also allows for the bridging of the user and his colleagues by way of moving-picture show conferencing, virtual boardrooms and other features that enable a user to remain connected. From a more technical perspective, the data is stored in data farms that can be made up of SANS, virtualization, security layers and connectivity mediums that allows for the quick access to data. The benefits of cloud computing are no doubt massive but what does this mean for the pecuniary fabrication? What does this mean for an industry that is reinforced up on a steadfast set of information security policies, all with the one objective of protecting customer information and transaction records?For someone such as me, the financial industry is almost akin to the Russian iron curtain. Customer data is jealously guarded and information relating to the financial systems is kept securely under lock and key. Every single user is tasked to ensure that any information coming out of the system is used exactly and only for the purpose it is deemed and destroyed erstwhile it has been used. In addition to this, the ICT industry in the finance industry has a massive task on its hands. It is responsible for ensuring that intrusion attempts are detected and arrested on the spot and any data traversing out of the profits is secured to the point of destination. Naturally, the ramifications of any breach can be potentially fatal. Breaches of customer data can unremarkably result in * Customer legal action, i.e. being sued* Non-compliance of central bank regulations can lead to fines* sledding of reputati on* Loss of r stillueThese factors can usually be devastating for any bank. After all, customers waitress their personal information to be kept secure when dealing with a bank given that no one likes their financial information splattered across the public boards for the world to see. If an example is sought here, one need only look at the Swiss banks. When people worry about their money, they rush it to Switzerland, even when domestic laws forbid it. Switzerland never seems to have any trouble which would adversely affect the value of its funds or the safety of the money entrusted to its bankers (Vicker 3, 4). This was the general norm until recently in 2009 when the US demanded that the Swiss commit UBS turn over details of US clients who were suspected of tax evasion, fight between U.S. authorities and the Swiss banking giant, UBS, the veil is about to be pierced. UBS agreed on Wednesday to turn over identifying information on 4,450 accounts which the IRS believes retain unde clared assets belonging to Americans. Those accounts were believed to hold about $18 billionAccounting Web (08/20/2009 0826). Ultimately, this delineate a new era for Swiss banking because another country had successfully infiltrated the closely guarded secrets of the Swiss banks and managed to demand data be handed over through legal channels. So what does this mean for organizations in the financial sector where security is paramount? Naturally, no financial institution wants to lose control of its data or being in a position where it cannot control the flow of data accurately. It is therefore little that the decision to move to a cloud establish environment be studied carefully while gauging the risks involved and the potential loss of customer information if the system were ever to fail. Therefore, it is my belief that organizations in this sector are highly unlikely to move over entirely to the cloud based system.Federal and central regulations would play a crucial role in the decision as well as the security aspects. For any financial organizations contemplating this move, it would certainly not be done by way of hiring a vendor providing the service and instead the organization would build its own private cloud where it would enforce all the indispensable regulations and policies that would ensure the security of the data. It is also prudent to remember that the core applications of financial organizations are generally built around legacy based languages such as COBOL and these cannot be easily migrated to a web based system given that there are transactional processing issues such as response times, etc. that need to be factored. For financial institutions, the change would be far too massive and require an almost pad overhaul of the existing investments in the infrastructure and a change in the central policies. In addition to this, there is always the greater risk of data losses as Google experienced recently which leftover a few thousand cu stomers without access to their mailboxes and ultimately losing their data.In a cloud based environment, the risks of such occurrences particularly where customer data is concerned are far too great to be reckoned with even if the ratio is small, that risk cannot be taken. Organizations in the financial sector are dictated on industry expected practices such as data retention periods, backup methodology, archiving, backup security and a whole host of other protocols that need to be followed when dealing with customer data. In an environment such a cloud based one, these methodologies cannot all be applied given that the environment is changed from a more rigid and manageable structure to a more fluid structure.In conclusion, the concept of cloud computing is thusly a fascinating one and offers massive savings for any organization that ventures into it however for industries where customer information security is the key to survival, the prospect of going to a cloud based system un less it were a in camera built and controlled one would not induce any encouragement in the financial sector. Nonetheless, it is hoped that in the future, central regulations will be changed to encourage the migration to cloud and with the appropriate security policies and perhaps an improved security structure, this visual sense may one day be fully embraced by the financial industries around the world. * Vicker, Ray. Those Swiss gold Men. New York Scribner, 1973. * Accounting Web. Swiss Bank UBS agrees to reveal U.S. secret accountholders, http//bit.ly/iO4bX6, August 20, 2009, 0826